November 16th

 Musical birthdays today include soul singer Garnet Mimms (90), singer-songwriter & producer Dan Penn (81), original AC/DC drummer Colin Burgess (77), jazz drummer Luis Conte (69), Stone Roses bassist Gary 'Mani' Mountfield (61), jazz chanteuse Diana Krall (59), Rammstein keyboardist Christian Lorenz (57), ex-Machine Head guitarist Logan Mader (53), Modest Mouse bassist Eric Judy (49), singer-songwriter Allison Crowe (42), and The Wanted vocalist Siva Kaneswaran (35). 

Shoutout to the Great Beyond for composer & violin virtuoso Rodolphe Kreutzer, born on this day in 1766... for operatic soprano Minnie Hauk, born in 1851... for W.C. Handy, 'The Father of the Blues', born in 1873... for composer Paul Hindemith, born in 1895... for jazz guitarist Eddie Condon, born in 1905... for Cajun accordionist Alphonse 'Bois Sec' Ardoin, born in 1915... for jazz pianist & Dexter Gordon sideman Dolo Coker, born in 1927... for blues guitarist and Howlin' Wolf sideman Hubert Sumlin, born in 1932... for operatic soprano Lucia Popp, who died on this date in 1993... for Quicksilver Messenger Service guitarist Chet Powers (AKA Dino Valenti in his solo career), who passed away in 1994... for DJ & rapper DJ Screw [né Robert Davis, Jr.], who died of a drug overdose at the age of 29 on this day in 2000... and for jazz pianist Tommy Flanagan, who left us in 2001. 

Also on November 16: In London, Chopin gives his final public performance, a benefit concert for Poland (1848)... Arturo Toscanini makes his debut as conductor of the NY Metropolitan Opera (1908)... Johnny Cash makes first appearance in the Billboard Top 40 with 'Cry Cry Cry' (1955)... The Sound of Music premieres on Broadway (1959)... The Beach Boys' Christmas Album is released by Capitol Records (1964)... The Jimi Hendrix Experience top the US album chart with Electric Ladyland... Meanwhile, Led Zeppelin play their first ever show in the north of England when they appear at Manchester College of Science & Technology. The band are paid £225 for the gig (1968)... Frank Zappa appears on this week's edition of the UK TV music show 'The Old Grey Whistle Test', playing live and showing clips from his film 200 Motels (1971)... John Lennon is at № 1 on the US singles chart with 'Whatever Gets You through the Night.' Elton John played on the session and made a deal with Lennon that if the song reached № 1, Lennon would have to appear on stage live with him (1974)... On The Old Grey Whistle Test, reclusive Beach Boy Brian Wilson gives his first televised interview in 8 years (1976)... Former Undertones singer Feargal Sharkey has his only UK № 1 single with the Maria McKee song 'A Good Heart', written about her relationship with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' keyboard player Benmont Tench. Sharkey will follow up the single with the Tench-penned 'You Little Thief', his take on his relationship with McKee... In the US, Starship hit № 1 with 'We Built This City' (1985)... Milli Vanilli are stripped of their Grammy Award after it is revealed that the duo did not sing at all on the Girl You Know It's True album (1990)... Texan billionaire David Bonderman hires The Rolling Stones to play at his 60th birthday party held at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas. The band's fee is $7.9 million (2002)... The Beatles' catalogue becomes available on iTunes, after years of negotiations. For the first time consumers will now be able to purchase some of the Fab Four's most popular songs via the store. Apple and record label EMI have been in talks for years about getting the catalogue online. Apple chief executive and Beatles fan Steve Jobs says "It has been a long and winding road to get here. We love the Beatles and are honoured and thrilled to welcome them to iTunes" (2010)

November 15th

 

Musical birthdays include Petula Clark (91), former Steeleye Span bassist Rick Kemp (82), conductor and classical pianist Daniel Barenboim (81), former ABBA vocalist Frida Lyngstad (78), former Henry Cow bassist Georgina Born (68), ex-Parliament/Funkadelic guitarist Michael Hampton (67), former Tonight Show band leader Kevin Eubanks (66), rapper E-40 [né Earl Stevens] (56), Elysian Fields co-founder & vocalist Jennifer Charles (54), country singer Jack Ingram (52), Nickelback frontman Jack Kroeger (49), Glass Cloud lead singer Jerry Roush (37), and rapper B.o.B. (35).  

Shoutout to the Great Beyond for pianist and ragtime composer Artie Matthews, born on this day in 1888... for pop orchestra conductor Annunzio Mantovani, born in 1905... for jazzman Seldon Powell and country singer C.W. McCall, both born in 1928... for soul singer Joe Hinton, born in 1929... for Drifters vocalist Clyde McPhatter, born in 1932... for R&B singer Little Willie John, who would have been 85... for Wu-Tang Clan founding member Russell 'ODB' Jones, who would have been 55... for Velvet Teen drummer Logan Whitehurst, who would have been 46... for composer Christoph Willibald Gluck, who died on this date in 1787... for jazz and prog rock multi-instrumentalist John Grimaldi, who died of MS at the age of 28 today in 1983... and for jazz legend Mose Allison,who left us today in 2016.

Also on November 15: Beethoven conducts the premiere of his 4th Symphony in Vienna (1807)... The Jerome Kern musical Showboat opens in Washington, D.C. (1928)... 
Johnny and the Moondogs (the future Beatles) play in the final heat of the 'TV Star Search' competition at the Hippodrome Theatre, Manchester. Judging is done by the volume of applause each group receives when they are called back onto stage at the end of the night. Since the Moondogs have no money to stay overnight in Manchester, they are forced to leave to catch the last train back to Liverpool before they are called back on stage (1959)... Brian Jones is admitted to Passavant Hospital in Chicago with a temperature of 105ºF, causing him to miss the last few dates on the Rolling Stones' current tour (1964)... The Stones make their US TV debut on Hullabaloo, performing ‘Get Off Of My Cloud’. Hullabaloo was an American one-hour musical variety series that ran on NBC from January 1965 through August 1966 (1965)... The Doors officially sign with Elektra Records in a deal for the band to produce seven albums. The band also reluctantly agree to release 'Break On Through' as their first single. The lyric 'She gets high/she gets high/she gets high' is shortened to 'She gets.../she gets.../she gets...' in order to secure radio airplay (1966)... Janis Joplin is arrested during a gig in Tampa, Florida for using 'vulgar and indecent language' with a policeman. Joplin became upset after police moved into the hall to force fans to move back to their seats. As the singer left the stage she confronted a detective calling him 'a son of a bitch' and told him she would kick his face in. She is released on $500 bail (1969)... Bob Dylan spends much of the day shooting scenes for his film Renaldo and Clara at Niagara Falls. In the evening the Rolling Thunder Revue plays the Niagara Falls Convention Center (1975)... Blondie score their third UK № 1 of the year with 'The Tide Is High' (1980)... Echo and the Bunnymen release Songs to Learn and Sing (1985)... Pop history is made when the Top 5 UK singles are all by female vocalists: Corinne Drewery from Swing Out Sister, Mel and Kim, Susannah Hoffs from The Bangles, plus Kim Wilde and Terri Nunn from Berlin who are at № 1 with 'Take My Breath Away' (1986)... Ozzy Osbourne announces his retirement from live performance after a gig in California, saying "Who wants to be touring at 46?" (1992)... Michael Abram, the Liverpool man who stabbed George Harrison after breaking into his home, is found not guilty at Oxford's Crown Court. The verdict, however, was returned in view of Abrams' mental history, and he is taken into care at a secure psychiatric facility (2000)... Jay-Z goes to the top of the US album chart with American Gangster his 10th № 1 disc. This ties the rapper with Elvis Presley for the most № 1 albums on the chart; only the Beatles have had more, with 19. Since 1998, all eight of Jay-Z's solo studio albums have hit the top spot, in addition to his Collision Course project with Linkin Park and his Unfinished Business collaboration with R. Kelly (2007). 

November 14th

 

Musical birthdays today include composer Wendy Carlos (84), Styx lead guitarist James Young (74), Quiet Riot drummer Frankie Banali (72), singer-songwriter Stephen Bishop (72), ex-Bon Jovi bassist Alec John Such (71), New Age composer Yanni (69), Joseph 'DJ Run' Simmons (59), Veruca Salt guitarist Nina Gordon (56), Raconteurs multi-instrumentalist Brendan Benson (51), hip hop artist Moka Only [né Daniel Denton] (50), Blink 182 drummer Travis Barker (48), former Steps vocalist Daye Tozer (48), and rapper Lil Boosie [né Torrence Hatch] (40). 

Shoutout to the Great Beyond for composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel, born on this date in 1778... for composer Aaron Copland, born in 1900... for crooner Johnny Desmond, born in 1919... for classical pianist Peter Katin, born in 1931... for jazz pianist Ellis Marsalis Jr., who would have been 88 today... for Freddie and the Dreamers frontman Freddie Garrity and Coasters vocalist Cornell Gunter, both of whom would have been 87... for Cajun accordionist Buckwheat, who would have been 75... for composer and piano craftsman Ignaz Pleyel, who died on this date in 1831... and for former Doll by Doll frontman Jackie Leven, who left us today in 2011. 

Also on November 14: Ray Charles goes to № 1 on the US singles chart with his cover of Hoagy Carmichael's 1930 standard 'Georgia On My Mind' (1960)... In an interview following the opening show of her first solo UK tour, Dusty Springfield tells a journalist "I wish I'd been born coloured. When it comes to singing and feeling, I want to be one" (1964)... Pink Floyd are added to a 16-date UK package tour with Jimi Hendrix, The Move, The Nice, Amen Corner, The Outer Limits and The Eire Apparent. It kicks off on this day at the Royal Albert Hall with only one performance, as opposed to the rest of the dates, which call for two shows per night. The headlining Hendrix is allotted exactly 40 minutes; The Move, who precede him onstage, have just half an hour, and Pink Floyd, who appear between after The Outer Limits, are allowed between 15 and 20 minutes per show (1967)... Syd Barrett releases his first solo album, entitled Barrett (1970)... Queen play the first of two nights at the Empire Theatre in Liverpool, England, the first shows on their 78-date A Night at the Opera World Tour (1975)... George Michael tops the UK album chart with his debut solo album Faith. The album goes on to win several awards including the Grammy for Album of the Year in 1989. To date, the collection has sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Between 1987 and 1988, Faith produced six Top 5 Billboard Hot 100 hits, four of which ('Faith', 'Father Figure', 'One More Try', and 'Monkey') reached № 1, making him the only British male singer to have four № 1 singles from one LP in the US (1987)... Blur bring chaos to traffic in central London when over 3,000 fans turned up for a signing at 'Books Etc' in Charing Cross Road (1995)... Michael Jackson marries Debbie Rowe in Sydney, Australia. The couple met when he was diagnosed with vitiligo in the mid-1980s, and she was working as his dermatologist's assistant. The couple will divorce in 1999, with Rowe giving full custody rights of the children to Jackson and receiving an $8-million settlement (1996)... Paul McCartney, Chris Martin, Robbie Williams, Keane, Snow Patrol and Darkness are among those who participate in the recording of a new version of 'Do They Know It's Christmas?' (2004). 

November 13th

 

Musical birthdays today include jazz drummer Idris Muhammad (84), John P. Hammond (81), session guitarist Terry Reid (74), Pogues drummer Andrew Ranken (70), Aldo Nova (67), Strokes bassist Nikolai Fraiture (45), and rapper Jibbs [né Jovan Campbell] (33). 

Shoutout to the Great Beyond for jazz pianist Hampton Hawes, born on this day in 1928... for Marshall Tucker Band guitarist Toy Caldwell, who would have been 75... for former Troggs drummer Ronnie Bond, who died on this date in 1992... for Mills Brothers vocalist Donald Mills, who left us today in 1999... and for experimental musician John Balance [co-founder of Coil] who was killed in a home accident on this day in 2004 at the age of 42. 

Also on November 13: The first concert of the music of composer Heitor Villa-Lobos is given in Rio de Janeiro. Both vocal and chamber works are on the program (1915)... New York Philharmonic conductor Bruno Walter, unable to go on because of illness, is replaced at the podium by a little-known 25-year-old assistant named Leonard Bernstein making his concert debut (1943)... The John Coltrane Quartet record the album Ballads (1962)... The Beatles record a television interview at Westward Television Studios in Plymouth, Devon, for the local teen program 'Move Over, Dad'. Due to the large crowd of excited fans outside, the group has to be smuggled from their dressing-room at the ABC Cinema, where they are scheduled to appear that night, into an adjacent building, then through a tunnel, to get to Westward Studios for the interview taping (1963)... Decca Records release The Rolling Stones’ 'Little Red Rooster'. Written by Willie Dixon (as 'The Red Rooster'), and previously recorded by Howlin’ Wolf and Sam Cooke, the single was recorded at Chess Studios in Chicago. The single will become a № 1 hit in the UK and remains the only time a blues song has ever topped the British pop chart (1964)... Brian Jones buys 'Cotchford Farm' in Sussex from the estate of A.A. Milne, who wrote Winnie the Pooh when he was living in the house (1968)... Crosby Stills Nash & Young open a four-night stand at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco (1969)... Led Zeppelin's fifth tour of the UK sells out within four hours (1972)... Rod Stewart starts an 8 week run at № 1 on the US singles chart with 'Tonight's The Night'. It is Rod's second US № 1; it made № 5 in the UK despite being banned by many radio stations owing to the song's lyric about the seduction of a virgin. The song features whispers from actress Britt Ekland, who was Stewart's girlfriend at the time... In Britain, Melody Maker announces UK dates for the first major punk tour, with The Sex Pistols and The Ramones co-headlining along with Talking Heads, The Vibrators and Chris Spedding. The 14-date tour which is due to start at Newcastle City Hall on Nov 29th will never take place (1976)... Siouxie and the Banshees release their debut album The Scream (1978)... U2 kick off their 23 date North American 'October' tour at JB Scott's in Albany, NY (1981)...  Rod Stewart fan Patricia Boughton files a lawsuit against the singer claiming that a football he kicked into the crowd during a concert at the Pine Knob Music Theater in Clarkston, MI ruptured a tendon in the middle finger of her right hand; the injury allegedly made sex between her and her husband difficult (1990)... On the occasion of the release of his 5-CD career retrospective Genius & Soul, Ray Charles conducts his first ever online chat at rhino.com (1997)... The Beatles launch their first official website, www.thebeatles.com. The site goes live on the same day as the release of their retrospective 'Compilation 1' album (2000)... Wynona Judd is arrested for DUI after being stopped by Nashville police for doing 90 MPH on a city thoroughfare. The country star is released on $500 bond (2003). 

November 12th

 Musical birthdays today include Booker T. Jones (79), Neil Young (78), Blue Öyster Cult guitarist Buck Dharma (76), Errol Brown (75), country singer Barbara Fairchild (75), ex-Bay City Rollers lead singer Les McKeown (68), ex-Fall guitarist Brix Smith (60), Megadeath bassist Dave Ellefson (59), former Bikini Kill lead singer Kathleen Hanna (55), singer-songwriter Sarah Harmer (53), and Taking Back Sunday bassist Shaun Cooper (43). 

Shoutout to the Great Beyond for composer Alexander Borodin, born on this date in 1833... for blues legend Bukka White, born in 1909... for big band singer Jo Stafford, born in 1917... for producer Bob Crewe, born in 1931... for former Walker Brothers frontman John Walker, who would have been 80... for Jimi Hendrix Experience drummer Mitch Mitchell, who passed away in 2008... and for composer Henryk Górecki, who left us in 2010. 

Also on November 12th: Enrico Caruso records the aria 'Vesti la giubba' from Leoncavallo's  I Pagliacci ~ it will go on to become the first phonograph record to sell a million copies (1902)... Soprano Lillian Evanti founds the National Negro Opera Company in Pittsburgh, PA (1941)... Johnnie Ray is at № 1 on the UK singles chart with 'Just Walking In The Rain.' It will stay at the top for seven weeks, making it this year's Christmas № 1 (1956)... The Beatles make a return appearance at the Star Club, Hamburg, opening for headliner Little Richard (1962)...  After changing his name from Toby Tyler to Marc Bolan, the future T Rex star performs his first single 'The Wizard' on the UK TV show Ready Steady Go!... In America, the Velvet Underground make their live debut, playing a Homecoming dance at Summit High School in New Jersey. The band are paid $75 for the gig (1965)... Pink Floyd appear at the Corn Exchange, Bedford. The set list includes 'Let's Roll Another One', 'Gimme A Break', 'Interstellar Overdrive', 'Astronomy Domine' and 'Stoned Alone'. 'Stoned Alone' was also known as 'I Get Stoned', and is considered by many rock historians to be the first song that Syd Barrett wrote for the group (1966)... On his 23rd birthday, Neil Young releases his eponymous debut album... UK book and record chain W.H. Smith announce their refusal to display The Jimi Hendrix Experience album 'Electric Ladyland' due to the nude women featured on the sleeve (1968)... Mott The Hoople kick off a 20-date UK tour at Leeds Town Hall with an up and coming group called Queen as their opening act (1973)... The Sex Pistols' debut LP Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's The Sex Pistols debuts at № 1 on the UK album chart the day after its release. The record has already been met by a hail of controversy. The first problems involve the allegedly 'obscene' name of the album, resulting in the prosecution of the manager of the Nottingham Virgin record shop for displaying it in a window. More outrage is sparked by the lyrics of the songs 'God Save the Queen' and 'Anarchy in the UK' (1977)... Bob Dylan’s album Infidels reaches its highest position when it peaks at № 9 on the UK chart. Dylan's 22nd studio album was co-produced with Dire Straits guitarist Mark Knopfler after the star also approached Elvis Costello, David Bowie and Frank Zappa as possible producers (1983)... Ron Wood breaks both his legs after crashing his car on the M4 motorway near Marlborough, Wiltshire (1990)... Gary Glitter [né Paul Gadd] pleads guilty before the Bristol Crown Court to 54 counts of taking and possessing indecent photographs of underage children, and is sentenced to 4 months in prison (1999)... Die-hard Beatles fans are outraged after Paul McCartney alters the song writing credits on his Back in The US 2002 album, changing them to McCartney and Lennon from Lennon and McCartney (2002).

November 11th

 

Musical birthdays today include singer-songwriter Chris Smither (79), Yardbirds rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja (78), Vanilla Fudge lead guitarist Vince Martell (78), songwriter and Survivor guitarist Jim Peterik (73), Marshall Crenshaw (70), former XTC frontman Andy Partridge (70), ex-Blasters guitarist Dave Alvin (68), ex-Human League synth player Ian Craig Marsh (66), Green Day lead guitarist Jason White (50), and Death from above 1979 bassist & synth player Jesse F. Keeler (45).

Shoutout to the Great Beyond for Mose Allison, born on this day in 1927... for Nashville session guitarist Hank Garland, born in 1930... for rapper Static Major [né Stephen Garrett], who would have been 49... for songwriter Jerome Kern, who died on this date in 1945... for former Allman Brothers bass player Berry Oakley, who was killed in 1972 when his motorcycle hit a bus at the same intersection as former band member Duane Allman, who had died a year earlier. Oakley was 24 years old... for film score composer Dimitri Tiomkin, who passed away in 1979... and for jazzman Erskine Hawkins, who left us today in 1994.

Also on November 11: Louis Armstrong makes his first recordings with the Hot Five at the Okeh Studios in Chicago (1925)... Bill Haley & the Comets score their first US Top ten single with 'Shake Rattle And Roll' (1954)... Elvis Presley appears at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, for his last concert of the '50s (1957)... The final recording session for Rubber Soul takes place at Abbey Road. The Beatles need three new songs to finish the album, so an old song ~ ‘Wait’ ~ is pulled off the shelf, and the group records two new songs from start to finish. The basic tracks for both Paul's ‘You Won't See Me’ and John's ‘Girl’ are completed in two takes (1965)...  John Lennon and Yoko Ono release the album Two Virgins (1968)... Agents from the FBI's Phoenix, AZ office arrest Jim Morrison for drunk and disorderly conduct aboard a plane. The Doors singer, who was on his way to a Rolling Stones concert with actor Tom Baker, were drinking and harassing the flight attendants. The pair spend the night in jail and are released on $2,500 bail (1969)... Thirty US radio stations broadcast a 'live' Mott the Hoople concert. In reality it is the band recorded in the studio with the applause dubbed in (1973)... Donna Summer holds down the top spots on both the Billboard singles and album charts, with 'Macarthur Park' and Live and More, respectively (1978)... Prince kicks off his 87-date '1999' North American tour at the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium in Chattanooga, TN (1982)... Pink Floyd issue a press statement saying that they intend to continue using the band's name without Roger Waters and are in the process of recording their next album (1986)... The Smashing Pumpkins top the US album charts with Melon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995)... Britney Spears wins four MTV Awards: Best Female Singer, Best Pop Act, Best Song ['...Baby One More Time'],  and Best Breakthrough Artist (1999)... Liza Minnelli's former bodyguard accuses the singer of forcing him to have sex with her in order to keep his job, court documents reveal. M'hammed Soumayah is suing Minnelli for $100 million in damages, saying she made 'many repeated attempts' to compel him into sex and that he 'eventually succumbed' (2004)... The four original band members of Black Sabbath announce that they are reuniting and recording a new album, which will be followed by a world tour in 2012 (2011).

November 10th

 Musical birthdays today include lyricist Sir Tim Rice (79), Donna Fargo (78), rapper Warren G (53), Guns N' Roses guitarist DJ Ashba (51), rapper Eve (45), Babyshambles bassist Drew McConnell (45), and country singer Miranda Lambert (40). 

Shoutout to the Great Beyond for composer François Couperin, born on this date in 1668... for songwriter Johnny Marks, born in 1909... for jazz trumpeter and composer [of the Batman theme, among others] Billy May, born in 1916... for  film score composer Ennio Morricone and composer-songwriter Marilyn Bergman, both born in 1928... for Greg Lake, and for original Alice Cooper guitarist Glen Buxton, both of whom would have been 76... and for session guitarist Tommy Tedesco, who left us today in 1997.

Also on November 10: Elvis Presley attends the fourth Country Music Disc Jockey Convention in Nashville. Back at his hotel, Mae Boren Axton plays him a demo of a new song she has written with Tommy Durden called ‘Heartbreak Hotel' (1955)... An 18-year-old guitarist named Eric Clapton makes his live debut with The Yardbirds as they play a gig at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, Surrey (1963)... The Beatles film three promotional films for their new single ‘Hello Goodbye’ at the Saville Theatre in London. Each of the three clips feature different costumes and Beatle antics. In the first, they wear their 'Sgt. Pepper' uniforms, for the second, everyday clothes, while the third film clip features shots from the first two films, plus additional shots of The Beatles (especially John) doing the twist. A Musician's Union ban on lip-sync broadcasts prevents the film being used on British television (1967)... Bob Dylan arrives in Durango, Mexico for a meeting with director Sam Peckinpah to discuss the possibility of a role in the director's upcoming film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. After a dinner of roast goat, Dylan plays his new composition 'Billy' for Peckinpah, Kris Kristofferson and James Coburn (1972)... Elton John starts an eight week run at the top of the US album chart with 'Goodbye Yellow Brick Road', the singer's third stateside № 1. The album, which had the working titles of 'Vodka and Tonics' and 'Silent Movies, Talking Pictures', remains his best selling studio album with worldwide sales of over 15 million copies. Recorded at the Château d'Hérouville northwest of Paris, the album contains the Marilyn Monroe tribute 'Candle in the Wind', as well as three successful singles: 'Bennie and the Jets', 'Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting' and the title track... Dylan and The Band wrap up the Planet Waves sessions (1973)... The Sex Pistols release their first and only studio album, Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (1977)... The Eagles have their final US № 1 single with 'Heartache Tonight' (1979)... Frankie Goes To Hollywood make their debut US TV appearance on Saturday Night Live performing 'Two Tribes' and 'Born To Run' (1984)... Bob Dylan presents Gordon Lightfoot with the Canadian Hall of Fame award at  ceremony in Toronto (1986)... Jimmy Page and Robert Plant perform 'Stairway to Heaven' for a music on show on Japanese TV. The duo tell the presenter that it is the last time they will ever play the song in public (1994)...  After the anti-child-abuse group Kidscape files a complaint, the British exam board recall all copies of a high school music test that includes convicted child molester Gary Glitter's 1973 hit 'I'm the Leader of the Gang' in its 'suggested listening' section. Group head Michele Elliott said "The role model is morally decrepit. It's just inappropriate" (2008).